How to choose the right winter fertiliser
By Alistair
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Selecting the best fertiliser in cool weather conditions is a difficult but essential task for a course manager. Here, Kelly Clack and Geoff Fenn from Origin Amenity Research & Development Centre detail new research that will give greenkeepers a better understanding of what will work best for their courses.
Selecting the ideal fertiliser can be a tricky task, so make sure you understand what you are trying to achieve before applying the fertiliser. Collecting data such as clip rate can help you to make an informed decision about the rate of growth required to achieve your surface performance goals.
It is also important to understand nitrogen sources and what we can expect to see when we apply the product.
Nitrogen is absorbed through the roots in solution form, as ammonium (NH4+) or nitrate (NO3-.) The nitrogen is classed as plant available, therefore applying a fertiliser containing these forms gives a relatively quick turf response.
If the ammonium is not taken up by the plant it can either sit in the cation exchange until it is required by the plant for growth, or it will go through the nitrification process. This is when ammonium is converted by nitrosomonas bacteria into nitrite (NO2-) and then nitrobacter converts this into nitrate. If nitrate is not taken up by the plant it will either leach or, in anerobic conditions, will enter the atmosphere as nitrous oxide (denitrification.)
Organic fertilisers and soil organic matter must go through a process called mineralisation. Soil microbes will breakdown the organic nitrogen into ammonium which is then available to the plant to utilise for growth. Soil temperatures need to be above five degrees for mineralisation to take place. Likewise urea requires soil temperature for urease enzymes to convert the urea into ammonia (hydrolysis.) Ammonia is a gas that can volatalise but fortunately, hydrogen in the soil converts ammonia into ammonium for plant uptake. These nitrogen sources have to be changed before they can be used by the plant for growth. Therefore the turf response can take longer, depending on the soil temperature.
To summarise:
• Nitrate and ammonium sources of nitrogen are available instantly.
• Organic and urea must be converted to be made plant available, so consider the soil temperature.
Nitrate can leach and be lost to the atmosphere so thought should be given to the quantity applied at any one time. Most fertilisers will contain more than one source of nitrogen, so always check the breakdown to understand the turf response expected.
For rapid nitrogen uptake you can apply a foliar application of nitrate or ammonium. Be careful with urea as it may volatilise off the leaf.
A trial was conducted at Throws Technology Centre in early 2022 to look at the differences in turf response to different nitrogen sources in cold weather. Two treatments were applied; one was a combined ammonium and nitrate source, and the other was straight urea:
Clipping yield was measured over the course of the trial, plus digital images were taken using our lightbox and analysed for sward coverage, uniformity and density. An overall ‘turf quality’ score is given using the combined score for these metrics to give a completely objective quality score.
The trial began in January after a period of cold weather dropped soil temperatures below five degrees Celsius, but an unseasonably warm spell lifted these up into spring-like double figures (see Trial Soil Temperatures):
This increase in soil warmth allowed the applied urea to be converted into available nitrogen at a much faster rate than we had expected. It was difficult to see differences in clipping yield – even untreated plots responded to the warmth and exhibited good growth.
Visually we could see some plots exhibiting a superior surface and our digital image analysis data backed this up (see Winter Fertiliser Response – 1st Application 27/01/2022):
Analysis of the images was carried out looking at overall turf quality; combining coverage, density and uniformity, and by the end of the trial period the ammonium / nitrate source showed statistically significant difference to both urea and untreated.
Actual images from the lightbox show the sward was denser and a darker green. Although differences in clip yield were minimal, we saw growth had been directed into density, rather than upright growth, giving us a denser, tighter sward by early April.
Select a granular or liquid fertiliser containing nitrate nitrogen or ammonium nitrogen in cool weather conditions to encourage growth, sward density and improved aesthetics.
Final digital images from the trial on April 6: Rapid response plot on the first image showing higher quality compared to urea plot on the second and untreated control on the third. Both urea and rapid response plots received exactly the same level of nitrogen over the trial
For further information contact Origin Amenity Solutions on 0800 138 7222 or email sales@originamenity.com
By Alistair
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